#ifndef lint
static char *RCSid() { return RCSid("$Id: parse.c,v 1.88.2.2 2014/11/08 04:52:25 sfeam Exp $"); }
#endif

/* GNUPLOT - parse.c */

/*[
 * Copyright 1986 - 1993, 1998, 2004   Thomas Williams, Colin Kelley
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, and distribute this software and its
 * documentation for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted,
 * provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
 * that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear
 * in supporting documentation.
 *
 * Permission to modify the software is granted, but not the right to
 * distribute the complete modified source code.  Modifications are to
 * be distributed as patches to the released version.  Permission to
 * distribute binaries produced by compiling modified sources is granted,
 * provided you
 *   1. distribute the corresponding source modifications from the
 *    released version in the form of a patch file along with the binaries,
 *   2. add special version identification to distinguish your version
 *    in addition to the base release version number,
 *   3. provide your name and address as the primary contact for the
 *    support of your modified version, and
 *   4. retain our contact information in regard to use of the base
 *    software.
 * Permission to distribute the released version of the source code along
 * with corresponding source modifications in the form of a patch file is
 * granted with same provisions 2 through 4 for binary distributions.
 *
 * This software is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty
 * to the extent permitted by applicable law.
]*/

#include "parse.h"

#include "alloc.h"
#include "command.h"
#include "datablock.h"
#include "eval.h"
#include "help.h"
#include "util.h"

/* Protection mechanism for trying to parse a string followed by a + or - sign.
 * Also suppresses an undefined variable message if an unrecognized token
 * is encountered during try_to_get_string().
 */
TBOOLEAN string_result_only = FALSE;
static int parse_recursion_level;

/* Exported globals: the current 'dummy' variable names */
char c_dummy_var[MAX_NUM_VAR][MAX_ID_LEN+1];
char set_dummy_var[MAX_NUM_VAR][MAX_ID_LEN+1] = { "x", "y" };
int  fit_dummy_var[MAX_NUM_VAR];
TBOOLEAN scanning_range_in_progress = FALSE;

/* This is used by plot_option_using() */
int at_highest_column_used = -1;

/* This is checked by df_readascii() */
TBOOLEAN parse_1st_row_as_headers = FALSE;

/* Iteration structures used for bookkeeping */
/* Iteration can be nested so long as different iterators are used */
t_iterator * plot_iterator = NULL;
t_iterator * set_iterator = NULL;

/* Internal prototypes: */

static void convert __PROTO((struct value *, int));
static void extend_at __PROTO((void));
static union argument *add_action __PROTO((enum operators sf_index));
static void parse_expression __PROTO((void));
static void accept_logical_OR_expression __PROTO((void));
static void accept_logical_AND_expression __PROTO((void));
static void accept_inclusive_OR_expression __PROTO((void));
static void accept_exclusive_OR_expression __PROTO((void));
static void accept_AND_expression __PROTO((void));
static void accept_equality_expression __PROTO((void));
static void accept_relational_expression __PROTO((void));
static void accept_bitshift_expression __PROTO((void));
static void accept_additive_expression __PROTO((void));
static void accept_multiplicative_expression __PROTO((void));
static void parse_primary_expression __PROTO((void));
static void parse_conditional_expression __PROTO((void));
static void parse_logical_OR_expression __PROTO((void));
static void parse_logical_AND_expression __PROTO((void));
static void parse_inclusive_OR_expression __PROTO((void));
static void parse_exclusive_OR_expression __PROTO((void));
static void parse_AND_expression __PROTO((void));
static void parse_equality_expression __PROTO((void));
static void parse_relational_expression __PROTO((void));
static void parse_bitshift_expression __PROTO((void));
static void parse_additive_expression __PROTO((void));
static void parse_multiplicative_expression __PROTO((void));
static void parse_unary_expression __PROTO((void));
static void parse_sum_expression __PROTO((void));
static int  parse_assignment_expression __PROTO((void));
static int is_builtin_function __PROTO((int t_num));

static void set_up_columnheader_parsing __PROTO((struct at_entry *previous ));

/* Internal variables: */

static struct at_type *at = NULL;
static int at_size = 0;

static void
convert(struct value *val_ptr, int t_num)
{
    *val_ptr = token[t_num].l_val;
}


int
int_expression()
{
    return (int)real_expression();
}

double
real_expression()
{
   double result;
   struct value a;
   result = real(const_express(&a));
   gpfree_string(&a);
   return result;
}


void
parse_reset_after_error()
{
    string_result_only = FALSE;
    parse_recursion_level = 0;
}

/* JW 20051126:
 * Wrapper around const_express() called by try_to_get_string().
 * Disallows top level + and - operators.
 * This enables things like set xtics ('-\pi' -pi, '-\pi/2' -pi/2.)
 */
struct value *
const_string_express(struct value *valptr)
{
    string_result_only = TRUE;
    const_express(valptr);
    string_result_only = FALSE;
    return (valptr);
}

struct value *
const_express(struct value *valptr)
{
    int tkn = c_token;

    if (END_OF_COMMAND)
	int_error(c_token, "constant expression required");

    /* div - no dummy variables in a constant expression */
    dummy_func = NULL;

    evaluate_at(temp_at(), valptr);	/* run it and send answer back */

    if (undefined) {
	int_error(tkn, "undefined value");
    }
    return (valptr);
}

/* Used by plot2d/plot3d/fit:
 * Parse an expression that may return a string or may return a constant or may
 * be a dummy function using dummy variables x, y, ...
 * If any dummy variables are present, set (*atptr) to point to an action table
 * corresponding to the parsed expression, and return NULL.
 * Otherwise evaluate the expression and return a string if there is one.
 * The return value "str" and "*atptr" both point to locally-managed memory,
 * which must not be freed by the caller!
 */
char*
string_or_express(struct at_type **atptr)
{
    int i;
    TBOOLEAN has_dummies;

    static char* str = NULL;
    free(str);
    str = NULL;

    if (atptr)
	*atptr = NULL;

    if (END_OF_COMMAND)
	int_error(c_token, "expression expected");

    /* parsing for datablocks */
    if (equals(c_token,"$"))
	return parse_datablock_name();

    if (isstring(c_token)) {
	str = try_to_get_string();
	return str;
    }

    /* parse expression */
    temp_at();

    /* check if any dummy variables are used */
    has_dummies = FALSE;
    for (i = 0; i < at->a_count; i++) {
	enum operators op_index = at->actions[i].index;
	if ( op_index == PUSHD1 || op_index == PUSHD2 || op_index == PUSHD
                || op_index == SUM ) {
	    has_dummies = TRUE;
	    break;
	}
    }

    if (!has_dummies) {
	/* no dummy variables: evaluate expression */
	struct value val;

	evaluate_at(at, &val);
	if (!undefined && val.type == STRING)
	    str = val.v.string_val;
    }

    /* prepare return */
    if (atptr)
	*atptr  = at;
    return str;
}


/* build an action table and return its pointer, but keep a pointer in at
 * so that we can free it later if the caller hasn't taken over management
 * of this table.
 */

struct at_type *
temp_at()
{
    if (at != NULL)
	free_at(at);
    
    at = (struct at_type *) gp_alloc(sizeof(struct at_type), "action table");

    memset(at, 0, sizeof(*at));		/* reset action table !!! */
    at_size = MAX_AT_LEN;

    parse_recursion_level = 0;
    parse_expression();
    return (at);
}


/* build an action table, put it in dynamic memory, and return its pointer */

struct at_type *
perm_at()
{
    struct at_type *at_ptr;
    size_t len;

    (void) temp_at();
    len = sizeof(struct at_type)
	+ (at->a_count - MAX_AT_LEN) * sizeof(struct at_entry);
    at_ptr = (struct at_type *) gp_realloc(at, len, "perm_at");
    at = NULL;			/* invalidate at pointer */
    return (at_ptr);
}

/* Create an action table that describes a call to column("string"). */
/* This is used by plot_option_using() to handle 'plot ... using "string"' */
struct at_type *
create_call_column_at(char *string)
{
    struct at_type *at = gp_alloc(sizeof(int) + 2*sizeof(struct at_entry),"");

    at->a_count = 2;
    at->actions[0].index = PUSHC;
    at->actions[0].arg.j_arg = 3;	/* FIXME - magic number! */
    at->actions[0].arg.v_arg.type = STRING;
    at->actions[0].arg.v_arg.v.string_val = string;
    at->actions[1].index = COLUMN;
    at->actions[1].arg.j_arg = 0;

    return (at);
}



static void
extend_at()
{
    size_t newsize = sizeof(struct at_type) + at_size * sizeof(struct at_entry);

    at = gp_realloc(at, newsize, "extend_at");
    at_size += MAX_AT_LEN;
    FPRINTF((stderr, "Extending at size to %d\n", at_size));
}

/* Add function number <sf_index> to the current action table */
static union argument *
add_action(enum operators sf_index)
{
    if (at->a_count >= at_size) {
	extend_at();
    }
    at->actions[at->a_count].index = sf_index;
    return (&(at->actions[at->a_count++].arg));
}


/* For external calls to parse_expressions() 
 * parse_recursion_level is expected to be 0 */
static void
parse_expression()
{				/* full expressions */

    if (parse_assignment_expression())
	return;

    parse_recursion_level++;
    accept_logical_OR_expression();
    parse_conditional_expression();
    parse_recursion_level--;
}

static void
accept_logical_OR_expression()
{				/* ? : expressions */
    accept_logical_AND_expression();
    parse_logical_OR_expression();
}


static void
accept_logical_AND_expression()
{
    accept_inclusive_OR_expression();
    parse_logical_AND_expression();
}


static void
accept_inclusive_OR_expression()
{
    accept_exclusive_OR_expression();
    parse_inclusive_OR_expression();
}


static void
accept_exclusive_OR_expression()
{
    accept_AND_expression();
    parse_exclusive_OR_expression();
}


static void
accept_AND_expression()
{
    accept_equality_expression();
    parse_AND_expression();
}


static void
accept_equality_expression()
{
    accept_relational_expression();
    parse_equality_expression();
}


static void
accept_relational_expression()
{
    accept_bitshift_expression();
    parse_relational_expression();
}


static void
accept_bitshift_expression()
{
    accept_additive_expression();
    parse_bitshift_expression();
}


static void
accept_additive_expression()
{
    accept_multiplicative_expression();
    parse_additive_expression();
}


static void
accept_multiplicative_expression()
{
    parse_unary_expression();			/* - things */
    parse_multiplicative_expression();			/* * / % */
}

static int
parse_assignment_expression()
{
    /* Check for assignment operator */
    if (isletter(c_token) && equals(c_token + 1, "=")) {
	/* push the variable name */
	union argument *foo = add_action(PUSHC);
	char *varname = NULL;
	m_capture(&varname,c_token,c_token);
	foo->v_arg.type = STRING;
	foo->v_arg.v.string_val = varname;
	c_token += 2;
	/* and the expression whose value it will get */
	parse_expression();
	/* and the actual assignment operation */
	(void) add_action(ASSIGN);
	return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}


/* add action table entries for primary expressions, i.e. either a
 * parenthesized expression, a variable name, a numeric constant, a
 * function evaluation, a power operator or postfix '!' (factorial)
 * expression */
static void
parse_primary_expression()
{
    if (equals(c_token, "(")) {
	c_token++;
	parse_expression();

	/* Expressions may be separated by a comma */
	while (equals(c_token,",")) {
	    c_token++;
	    (void) add_action(POP);
	    parse_expression();
	}

	if (!equals(c_token, ")"))
	    int_error(c_token, "')' expected");
	c_token++;
    } else if (equals(c_token, "$")) {
	struct value a;

	c_token++;
	if (equals(c_token,"N")) {	/* $N == pseudocolumn -3 means "last column" */
	    c_token++;
	    Ginteger(&a, -3);
	    at_highest_column_used = -3;
	} else if (!isanumber(c_token)) {
	    int_error(c_token, "Column number expected");
	} else {
	    convert(&a, c_token++);
	    if (a.type != INTGR || a.v.int_val < 0)
		int_error(c_token, "Positive integer expected");
	    if (at_highest_column_used < a.v.int_val)
		at_highest_column_used = a.v.int_val;
	}
	add_action(DOLLARS)->v_arg = a;
    } else if (isanumber(c_token)) {
	/* work around HP 9000S/300 HP-UX 9.10 cc limitation ... */
	/* HBB 20010724: use this code for all platforms, then */
	union argument *foo = add_action(PUSHC);

	convert(&(foo->v_arg), c_token);
	c_token++;
    } else if (isletter(c_token)) {
	/* Found an identifier --- check whether its a function or a
	 * variable by looking for the parentheses of a function
	 * argument list */
	if (equals(c_token + 1, "(")) {
	    enum operators whichfunc = is_builtin_function(c_token);
	    struct value num_params;
	    num_params.type = INTGR;

#if (1)	    /* DEPRECATED */
	    if (whichfunc && (strcmp(ft[whichfunc].f_name,"defined")==0)) {
		/* Deprecated syntax:   if (defined(foo)) ...  */
		/* New syntax:          if (exists("foo")) ... */
		struct udvt_entry *udv = add_udv(c_token+2);
		union argument *foo = add_action(PUSHC);
		foo->v_arg.type = INTGR;
		foo->v_arg.v.int_val = udv->udv_undef ? 0 : 1;
		c_token += 4;  /* skip past "defined ( <foo> ) " */
		return;
	    }
#endif

	    if (whichfunc) {
		c_token += 2;	/* skip fnc name and '(' */
		parse_expression(); /* parse fnc argument */
		num_params.v.int_val = 1;
		while (equals(c_token, ",")) {
		    c_token++;
		    num_params.v.int_val++;
		    parse_expression();
		}

		if (!equals(c_token, ")"))
		    int_error(c_token, "')' expected");
		c_token++;

		/* So far sprintf is the only built-in function */
		/* with a variable number of arguments.         */
		if (!strcmp(ft[whichfunc].f_name,"sprintf"))
		    add_action(PUSHC)->v_arg = num_params;

		/* v4 timecolumn only had 1 param; v5 has 2. Accept either */
		if (!strcmp(ft[whichfunc].f_name,"timecolumn"))
		    add_action(PUSHC)->v_arg = num_params;

		/* The column() function has side effects requiring special handling */
		if (!strcmp(ft[whichfunc].f_name,"column")) {
		    set_up_columnheader_parsing( &(at->actions[at->a_count-1]) );
		}

		(void) add_action(whichfunc);

	    } else {
		/* it's a call to a user-defined function */
		enum operators call_type = (int) CALL;
		int tok = c_token;

		c_token += 2;	/* skip func name and '(' */
		parse_expression();
		if (equals(c_token, ",")) { /* more than 1 argument? */
		    num_params.v.int_val = 1;
		    while (equals(c_token, ",")) {
			num_params.v.int_val += 1;
			c_token += 1;
			parse_expression();
		    }
		    add_action(PUSHC)->v_arg = num_params;
		    call_type = (int) CALLN;
		}
		if (!equals(c_token, ")"))
		    int_error(c_token, "')' expected");
		c_token++;
		add_action(call_type)->udf_arg = add_udf(tok);
	    }
	} else if (equals(c_token, "sum") && equals(c_token+1, "[")) {
            parse_sum_expression();
	/* dummy_func==NULL is a flag to say no dummy variables active */
	} else if (dummy_func) {
	    if (equals(c_token, c_dummy_var[0])) {
		c_token++;
		add_action(PUSHD1)->udf_arg = dummy_func;
		fit_dummy_var[0]++;
	    } else if (equals(c_token, c_dummy_var[1])) {
		c_token++;
		add_action(PUSHD2)->udf_arg = dummy_func;
		fit_dummy_var[1]++;
	    } else {
		int i, param = 0;

		for (i = 2; i < MAX_NUM_VAR; i++) {
		    if (equals(c_token, c_dummy_var[i])) {
			struct value num_params;
			num_params.type = INTGR;
			num_params.v.int_val = i;
			param = 1;
			c_token++;
			add_action(PUSHC)->v_arg = num_params;
			add_action(PUSHD)->udf_arg = dummy_func;
			fit_dummy_var[i]++;
			break;
		    }
		}
		if (!param) {	/* defined variable */
		    add_action(PUSH)->udv_arg = add_udv(c_token);
		    c_token++;
		}
	    }
	    /* its a variable, with no dummies active - div */
	} else {
	    add_action(PUSH)->udv_arg = add_udv(c_token);
	    c_token++;
	}
    }
    /* end if letter */

    /* Maybe it's a string constant */
    else if (isstring(c_token)) {
	union argument *foo = add_action(PUSHC);
	foo->v_arg.type = STRING;
	foo->v_arg.v.string_val = NULL;
	/* this dynamically allocated string will be freed by free_at() */
	m_quote_capture(&(foo->v_arg.v.string_val), c_token, c_token);
	c_token++;
    } else
	int_error(c_token, "invalid expression ");

    /* add action code for ! (factorial) operator */
    while (equals(c_token, "!")) {
	c_token++;
	(void) add_action(FACTORIAL);
    }
    /* add action code for ** operator */
    if (equals(c_token, "**")) {
	c_token++;
	parse_unary_expression();
	(void) add_action(POWER);
    }

    /* Parse and add actions for range specifier applying to previous entity.
     * Currently only used to generate substrings, but could also be used to
     * extract vector slices.
     */
    if (equals(c_token, "[") && !isanumber(c_token-1)) {
	/* handle '*' or empty start of range */
	if (equals(++c_token,"*") || equals(c_token,":")) {
	    union argument *empty = add_action(PUSHC);
	    empty->v_arg.type = INTGR;
	    empty->v_arg.v.int_val = 1;
	    if (equals(c_token,"*"))
		c_token++;
	} else
	    parse_expression();
	if (!equals(c_token, ":"))
	    int_error(c_token, "':' expected");
	/* handle '*' or empty end of range */
	if (equals(++c_token,"*") || equals(c_token,"]")) {
	    union argument *empty = add_action(PUSHC);
	    empty->v_arg.type = INTGR;
	    empty->v_arg.v.int_val = 65535; /* should be INT_MAX */
	    if (equals(c_token,"*"))
		c_token++;
	} else
	    parse_expression();
	if (!equals(c_token, "]"))
	    int_error(c_token, "']' expected");
	c_token++;
	(void) add_action(RANGE);
    }
}


/* HBB 20010309: Here and below: can't store pointers into the middle
 * of at->actions[]. That array may be realloc()ed by add_action() or
 * express() calls!. Access via index savepc1/savepc2, instead. */

static void
parse_conditional_expression()
{
    /* create action code for ? : expressions */

    if (equals(c_token, "?")) {
	int savepc1, savepc2;

	/* Fake same recursion level for alternatives
	 *   set xlabel a>b ? 'foo' : 'bar' -1, 1
	 * FIXME: This won't work:
	 *   set xlabel a-b>c ? 'foo' : 'bar'  offset -1, 1
	 */
	parse_recursion_level--;

	c_token++;
	savepc1 = at->a_count;
	add_action(JTERN);
	parse_expression();
	if (!equals(c_token, ":"))
	    int_error(c_token, "expecting ':'");

	c_token++;
	savepc2 = at->a_count;
	add_action(JUMP);
	at->actions[savepc1].arg.j_arg = at->a_count - savepc1;
	parse_expression();
	at->actions[savepc2].arg.j_arg = at->a_count - savepc2;
	parse_recursion_level++;
    }
}


static void
parse_logical_OR_expression()
{
    /* create action codes for || operator */

    while (equals(c_token, "||")) {
	int savepc;

	c_token++;
	savepc = at->a_count;
	add_action(JUMPNZ);	/* short-circuit if already TRUE */
	accept_logical_AND_expression();
	/* offset for jump */
	at->actions[savepc].arg.j_arg = at->a_count - savepc;
	(void) add_action(BOOLE);
    }
}


static void
parse_logical_AND_expression()
{
    /* create action code for && operator */

    while (equals(c_token, "&&")) {
	int savepc;

	c_token++;
	savepc = at->a_count;
	add_action(JUMPZ);	/* short-circuit if already FALSE */
	accept_inclusive_OR_expression();
	at->actions[savepc].arg.j_arg = at->a_count - savepc; /* offset for jump */
	(void) add_action(BOOLE);
    }
}


static void
parse_inclusive_OR_expression()
{
    /* create action code for | operator */

    while (equals(c_token, "|")) {
	c_token++;
	accept_exclusive_OR_expression();
	(void) add_action(BOR);
    }
}


static void
parse_exclusive_OR_expression()
{
    /* create action code for ^ operator */

    while (equals(c_token, "^")) {
	c_token++;
	accept_AND_expression();
	(void) add_action(XOR);
    }
}


static void
parse_AND_expression()
{
    /* create action code for & operator */

    while (equals(c_token, "&")) {
	c_token++;
	accept_equality_expression();
	(void) add_action(BAND);
    }
}


static void
parse_equality_expression()
{
    /* create action codes for == and != numeric operators
     * eq and ne string operators */

    while (TRUE) {
	if (equals(c_token, "==")) {
	    c_token++;
	    accept_relational_expression();
	    (void) add_action(EQ);
	} else if (equals(c_token, "!=")) {
	    c_token++;
	    accept_relational_expression();
	    (void) add_action(NE);
	} else if (equals(c_token, "eq")) {
	    c_token++;
	    accept_relational_expression();
	    (void) add_action(EQS);
	} else if (equals(c_token, "ne")) {
	    c_token++;
	    accept_relational_expression();
	    (void) add_action(NES);
	} else
	    break;
    }
}


static void
parse_relational_expression()
{
    /* create action code for < > >= or <=
     * operators */

    while (TRUE) {
	if (equals(c_token, ">")) {
	    c_token++;
	    accept_bitshift_expression();
	    (void) add_action(GT);
	} else if (equals(c_token, "<")) {
	    /*  Workaround for * in syntax of range constraints  */
	    if (scanning_range_in_progress && equals(c_token+1, "*") ) {
		break;
	    }
	    c_token++;
	    accept_bitshift_expression();
	    (void) add_action(LT);
	} else if (equals(c_token, ">=")) {
	    c_token++;
	    accept_bitshift_expression();
	    (void) add_action(GE);
	} else if (equals(c_token, "<=")) {
	    c_token++;
	    accept_bitshift_expression();
	    (void) add_action(LE);
	} else
	    break;
    }

}



static void
parse_bitshift_expression()
{
    /* create action codes for << and >> operators */
    while (TRUE) {
	if (equals(c_token, "<<")) {
	    c_token++;
	    accept_additive_expression();
	    (void) add_action(LEFTSHIFT);
	} else if (equals(c_token, ">>")) {
	    c_token++;
	    accept_additive_expression();
	    (void) add_action(RIGHTSHIFT);
	} else
	    break;
    }
}



static void
parse_additive_expression()
{
    /* create action codes for +, - and . operators */
    while (TRUE) {
	if (equals(c_token, ".")) {
	    c_token++;
	    accept_multiplicative_expression();
	    (void) add_action(CONCATENATE);
	/* If only string results are wanted
	 * do not accept '-' or '+' at the top level. */
	} else if (string_result_only && parse_recursion_level == 1) {
	    break;
	} else if (equals(c_token, "+")) {
	    c_token++;
	    accept_multiplicative_expression();
	    (void) add_action(PLUS);
	} else if (equals(c_token, "-")) {
	    c_token++;
	    accept_multiplicative_expression();
	    (void) add_action(MINUS);
	} else
	    break;
    }
}


static void
parse_multiplicative_expression()
{
    /* add action code for * / and % operators */

    while (TRUE) {
	if (equals(c_token, "*")) {
	    c_token++;
	    parse_unary_expression();
	    (void) add_action(MULT);
	} else if (equals(c_token, "/")) {
	    c_token++;
	    parse_unary_expression();
	    (void) add_action(DIV);
	} else if (equals(c_token, "%")) {
	    c_token++;
	    parse_unary_expression();
	    (void) add_action(MOD);
	} else
	    break;
    }
}


static void
parse_unary_expression()
{
    /* add code for unary operators */

    if (equals(c_token, "!")) {
	c_token++;
	parse_unary_expression();
	(void) add_action(LNOT);
    } else if (equals(c_token, "~")) {
	c_token++;
	parse_unary_expression();
	(void) add_action(BNOT);
    } else if (equals(c_token, "-")) {
	struct at_entry *previous;
	c_token++;
	parse_unary_expression();
	/* Collapse two operations PUSHC <pos-const> + UMINUS
	 * into a single operation PUSHC <neg-const>
	 */
	previous = &(at->actions[at->a_count-1]);
	if (previous->index == PUSHC &&  previous->arg.v_arg.type == INTGR) {
	    previous->arg.v_arg.v.int_val = -previous->arg.v_arg.v.int_val;
	} else if (previous->index == PUSHC &&  previous->arg.v_arg.type == CMPLX) {
	    previous->arg.v_arg.v.cmplx_val.real = -previous->arg.v_arg.v.cmplx_val.real;
	    previous->arg.v_arg.v.cmplx_val.imag = -previous->arg.v_arg.v.cmplx_val.imag;
	} else
	    (void) add_action(UMINUS);
    } else if (equals(c_token, "+")) {	/* unary + is no-op */
	c_token++;
	parse_unary_expression();
    } else
	parse_primary_expression();
}


/*
 * Syntax: set link {x2|y2} {via <expression1> inverse <expression2>}
 * Create action code tables for the functions linking primary and secondary axes.
 * expression1 maps primary coordinates into the secondary coordinate space.
 * expression2 maps secondary coordinates into the primary coordinate space.
 */
void
parse_link_via( struct udft_entry *udf )
{
    int start_token;
    
    /* Caller left us pointing at "via" or "inverse" */
    c_token++;
    start_token = c_token;
    if (END_OF_COMMAND)
	int_error(c_token,"Missing expression");

    /* Save action table for the linkage mapping */
    strcpy(c_dummy_var[0], "x");
    strcpy(c_dummy_var[1], "y");
    dummy_func = udf;
    free_at(udf->at);
    udf->at = perm_at();
    dummy_func = NULL;

    /* Save the mapping expression itself */
    m_capture(&(udf->definition), start_token, c_token - 1);
}


/* create action code for 'sum' expressions */
static void
parse_sum_expression()
{
    /* sum [<var>=<range>] <expr>
     * - Pass a udf to f_sum (with action code (for <expr>) that is not added
     *   to the global action table).
     * - f_sum uses a newly created udv (<var>) to pass the current value of
     *   <var> to <expr> (resp. its ac).
     * - The original idea was to treat <expr> as function f(<var>), but there
     *   was the following problem: Consider 'g(x) = sum [k=1:4] f(k)'. There
     *   are two dummy variables 'x' and 'k' from different functions 'g' and
     *   'f' which would require changing the parsing of dummy variables.
     */

    char *errormsg = "Expecting 'sum [<var> = <start>:<end>] <expression>'\n";
    char *varname = NULL;
    union argument *arg;
    struct udft_entry *udf;

    struct at_type * save_at;
    int save_at_size;
    int i;
    
    /* Caller already checked for string "sum [" so skip both tokens */
    c_token += 2;

    /* <var> */
    if (!isletter(c_token))
        int_error(c_token, errormsg);
    /* create a user defined variable and pass it to f_sum via PUSHC, since the
     * argument of f_sum is already used by the udf */
    m_capture(&varname, c_token, c_token);
    add_udv(c_token);
    arg = add_action(PUSHC);
    Gstring(&(arg->v_arg), varname);
    c_token++;

    if (!equals(c_token, "="))
        int_error(c_token, errormsg);
    c_token++;

    /* <start> */
    parse_expression();

    if (!equals(c_token, ":"))
        int_error(c_token, errormsg);
    c_token++;

    /* <end> */
    parse_expression();

    if (!equals(c_token, "]"))
        int_error(c_token, errormsg);
    c_token++;

    /* parse <expr> and convert it to a new action table. */
    /* modeled on code from temp_at(). */
    /* 1. save environment to restart parsing */
    save_at = at;
    save_at_size = at_size;
    at = NULL;

    /* 2. save action table in a user defined function */
    udf = (struct udft_entry *) gp_alloc(sizeof(struct udft_entry), "sum");
    udf->next_udf = (struct udft_entry *) NULL;
    udf->udf_name = NULL; /* TODO maybe add a name and definition */ 
    udf->at = perm_at();
    udf->definition = NULL;
    udf->dummy_num = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_NUM_VAR; i++)
        (void) Ginteger(&(udf->dummy_values[i]), 0);

    /* 3. restore environment */
    at = save_at;
    at_size = save_at_size;

    /* pass the udf to f_sum using the argument */
    add_action(SUM)->udf_arg = udf;
}


/* find or add value and return pointer */
struct udvt_entry *
add_udv(int t_num)
{
    char varname[MAX_ID_LEN+1];
    copy_str(varname, t_num, MAX_ID_LEN);
    return add_udv_by_name(varname);
}


/* find or add function at index <t_num>, and return pointer */
struct udft_entry *
add_udf(int t_num)
{
    struct udft_entry **udf_ptr = &first_udf;

    int i;
    while (*udf_ptr) {
	if (equals(t_num, (*udf_ptr)->udf_name))
	    return (*udf_ptr);
	udf_ptr = &((*udf_ptr)->next_udf);
    }

    /* get here => not found. udf_ptr points at first_udf or
     * next_udf field of last udf
     */

    if (is_builtin_function(t_num))
	int_warn(t_num, "Warning : udf shadowed by built-in function of the same name");

    /* create and return a new udf slot */

    *udf_ptr = (struct udft_entry *)
	gp_alloc(sizeof(struct udft_entry), "function");
    (*udf_ptr)->next_udf = (struct udft_entry *) NULL;
    (*udf_ptr)->definition = NULL;
    (*udf_ptr)->at = NULL;
    (*udf_ptr)->udf_name = gp_alloc (token_len(t_num)+1, "user func");
    copy_str((*udf_ptr)->udf_name, t_num, token_len(t_num)+1);
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_NUM_VAR; i++)
	(void) Ginteger(&((*udf_ptr)->dummy_values[i]), 0);
    return (*udf_ptr);
}

/* return standard function index or 0 */
static int
is_builtin_function(int t_num)
{
    int i;

    for (i = (int) SF_START; ft[i].f_name != NULL; i++) {
	if (equals(t_num, ft[i].f_name))
	    return (i);
    }
    return (0);
}

/* Look for iterate-over-plot constructs, of the form
 *    for [<var> = <start> : <end> { : <increment>}] ...
 * If one (or more) is found, an iterator structure is allocated and filled
 * and a pointer to that structure is returned.
 * The pointer is NULL if no "for" statements are found.
 */
t_iterator *
check_for_iteration()
{
    char *errormsg = "Expecting iterator \tfor [<var> = <start> : <end> {: <incr>}]\n\t\t\tor\tfor [<var> in \"string of words\"]";
    int nesting_depth = 0;
    t_iterator *iter = NULL;
    t_iterator *this_iter = NULL;

    /* Now checking for iteration parameters */
    /* Nested "for" statements are supported, each one corresponds to a node of the linked list */
    while (equals(c_token, "for")) {
	struct udvt_entry *iteration_udv = NULL;
	char *iteration_string = NULL;
	int iteration_start;
	int iteration_end;
	int iteration_increment = 1;
	int iteration_current;
	int iteration = 0;
	TBOOLEAN empty_iteration;
	TBOOLEAN just_once = FALSE;

	c_token++;
	if (!equals(c_token++, "[") || !isletter(c_token))
	    int_error(c_token-1, errormsg);
	iteration_udv = add_udv(c_token++);

	if (equals(c_token, "=")) {
	    c_token++;
	    iteration_start = int_expression();
	    if (!equals(c_token++, ":"))
	    	int_error(c_token-1, errormsg);
	    iteration_end = int_expression();
	    if (equals(c_token,":")) {
	    	c_token++;
	    	iteration_increment = int_expression();
		if (iteration_increment == 0)
		    int_error(c_token-1, errormsg);
	    }
	    if (!equals(c_token++, "]"))
	    	int_error(c_token-1, errormsg);
	    if (iteration_udv->udv_undef == FALSE)
		gpfree_string(&(iteration_udv->udv_value));
	    Ginteger(&(iteration_udv->udv_value), iteration_start);
	    iteration_udv->udv_undef = FALSE;
	}
	else if (equals(c_token++, "in")) {
	    iteration_string = try_to_get_string();
	    if (!iteration_string)
	    	int_error(c_token-1, errormsg);
	    if (!equals(c_token++, "]"))
	    	int_error(c_token-1, errormsg);
	    iteration_start = 1;
	    iteration_end = gp_words(iteration_string);
	    if (iteration_udv->udv_undef == FALSE)
	    	gpfree_string(&(iteration_udv->udv_value));
	    Gstring(&(iteration_udv->udv_value), gp_word(iteration_string, 1));
	    iteration_udv->udv_undef = FALSE;
	}
	else /* Neither [i=B:E] or [s in "foo"] */
	    int_error(c_token-1, errormsg);

	iteration_current = iteration_start;

	empty_iteration = FALSE;	
	if ( (iteration_udv != NULL)
	&&   ((iteration_end > iteration_start && iteration_increment < 0)
	   || (iteration_end < iteration_start && iteration_increment > 0))) {
		empty_iteration = TRUE;
		FPRINTF((stderr,"Empty iteration\n"));
	}

	/* Allocating a node of the linked list nested iterations. */
	/* Iterating just once is the same as not iterating at all */
	/* so we skip building the node in that case.		   */
	if (iteration_start == iteration_end)
	    just_once = TRUE;
	if (iteration_start < iteration_end && iteration_end < iteration_start + iteration_increment)
	    just_once = TRUE;
	if (iteration_start > iteration_end && iteration_end > iteration_start + iteration_increment)
	    just_once = TRUE;

	if (!just_once) {
	    this_iter = gp_alloc(sizeof(t_iterator), "iteration linked list");
	    this_iter->iteration_udv = iteration_udv; 
	    this_iter->iteration_string = iteration_string;
	    this_iter->iteration_start = iteration_start;
	    this_iter->iteration_end = iteration_end;
	    this_iter->iteration_increment = iteration_increment;
	    this_iter->iteration_current = iteration_current;
	    this_iter->iteration = iteration;
	    this_iter->done = FALSE;
	    this_iter->really_done = FALSE;
	    this_iter->empty_iteration = empty_iteration;
	    this_iter->next = NULL;
	    this_iter->prev = NULL;
	    if (nesting_depth == 0) {
		/* first "for" statement: this will be the listhead */
		iter = this_iter;
	    }
	    else {
		/* not the first "for" statement: attach the newly created node to the end of the list */
		iter->prev->next = this_iter;  /* iter->prev points to the last node of the list */
		this_iter->prev = iter->prev;
	    }
	    iter->prev = this_iter; /* a shortcut: making the list circular */

	    /* if one iteration in the chain is empty, the subchain of nested iterations is too */
	    if (!iter->empty_iteration) 
		iter->empty_iteration = empty_iteration;

	    nesting_depth++;
	}
    }

    return iter;
}

/* Set up next iteration.
 * Return TRUE if there is one, FALSE if we're done
 */
TBOOLEAN
next_iteration(t_iterator *iter)
{
    t_iterator *this_iter;
    TBOOLEAN condition = FALSE;
    
    if (!iter || iter->empty_iteration)
	return FALSE;

    /* Support for nested iteration:
     * we start with the innermost loop. */
    this_iter = iter->prev; /* linked to the last element of the list */
    
    if (!this_iter)
	return FALSE;
    
    while (!iter->really_done && this_iter != iter && this_iter->done) {
	this_iter->iteration_current = this_iter->iteration_start;
	this_iter->done = FALSE;
	if (this_iter->iteration_string) {
	    gpfree_string(&(this_iter->iteration_udv->udv_value));
	    Gstring(&(this_iter->iteration_udv->udv_value), 
		    gp_word(this_iter->iteration_string, this_iter->iteration_current));
    } else
	    this_iter->iteration_udv->udv_value.v.int_val = this_iter->iteration_current;	
	
	this_iter = this_iter->prev;
    }
   
    if (!this_iter->iteration_udv) {
	this_iter->iteration = 0;
	return FALSE;
    }
    iter->iteration++;
    /* don't increment if we're at the last iteration */
    if (!iter->really_done)
	this_iter->iteration_current += this_iter->iteration_increment;
    if (this_iter->iteration_string) {
	gpfree_string(&(this_iter->iteration_udv->udv_value));
	Gstring(&(this_iter->iteration_udv->udv_value), 
		gp_word(this_iter->iteration_string, this_iter->iteration_current));
    } else
	this_iter->iteration_udv->udv_value.v.int_val = this_iter->iteration_current;
    
    /* Mar 2014 revised to avoid integer overflow */
    if (this_iter->iteration_increment > 0
    &&  this_iter->iteration_end - this_iter->iteration_current < this_iter->iteration_increment)
	this_iter->done = TRUE;
    else if (this_iter->iteration_increment < 0
    &&  this_iter->iteration_end - this_iter->iteration_current > this_iter->iteration_increment)
	this_iter->done = TRUE;
    else
	this_iter->done = FALSE;
    
    /* We return false only if we're, um, really done */
    this_iter = iter;
    while (this_iter) {
	condition = condition || (!this_iter->done);
	this_iter = this_iter->next;
    }
    if (!condition) {
	if (!iter->really_done) {
	    iter->really_done = TRUE;
	    condition = TRUE;
	} else 
	    condition = FALSE;
    }
    return condition;
}

TBOOLEAN
empty_iteration(t_iterator *iter)
{
    if (!iter)
	return FALSE;
    else
	return iter->empty_iteration;
}

t_iterator *
cleanup_iteration(t_iterator *iter)
{
    while (iter) {
	t_iterator *next = iter->next;
	free(iter->iteration_string);
	free(iter);
	iter = next;
    }
    return NULL;
}

/* The column() function requires special handling because
 * - It has side effects if reference to a column entry
 *   requires matching it to the column header string.
 * - These side effects must be handled at the time the
 *   expression is parsed rather than when it it evaluated.
 */
static void
set_up_columnheader_parsing( struct at_entry *previous )
{
    /* column("string") means we expect the first row of */
    /* a data file to contain headers rather than data.  */
    if (previous->index == PUSHC &&  previous->arg.v_arg.type == STRING)
	parse_1st_row_as_headers = TRUE;

    /* This allows plot ... using (column(<const>)) title columnhead */
    if (previous->index == PUSHC && previous->arg.v_arg.type == INTGR) {
	if (at_highest_column_used < previous->arg.v_arg.v.int_val)
	    at_highest_column_used = previous->arg.v_arg.v.int_val;
    }
    
    /* This attempts to catch plot ... using (column(<variable>)) */
    if (previous->index == PUSH) {
	udvt_entry *u = previous->arg.udv_arg;
	if (u->udv_value.type == INTGR) {
	    if (at_highest_column_used < u->udv_value.v.int_val)
		at_highest_column_used = u->udv_value.v.int_val;
	}
#if (0) /* Currently handled elsewhere, but could be done here instead */
	if (u->udv_value.type == STRING) {
	    parse_1st_row_as_headers = TRUE;
	}
#endif
    }

    /* NOTE: There is no way to handle ... using (column(<general expression>)) */
}
