## Chaining up

Chaining up is often loosely defined by the following set of conditions:

- Parent class A defines a public virtual method named `foo` and provides a default implementation.

- Child class B re-implements method `foo`.

- B’s implementation of `foo` calls (‘chains up to’) its parent class A’s implementation of `foo`.

There are various uses of this idiom:

- You need to extend the behaviour of a class without modifying its code. You create a subclass to inherit its implementation, re-implement a public virtual method to modify the behaviour and chain up to ensure that the previous behaviour is not really modified, just extended.

- You need to implement the Chain Of Responsibility pattern: each object of the inheritance tree chains up to its parent (typically, at the beginning or the end of the method) to ensure that each handler is run in turn.

To explicitly chain up to the implementation of the virtual method in the parent class, you first need a handle to the original parent class structure. This pointer can then be used to access the original virtual function pointer and invoke it directly. [8]

Use the `parent_class` pointer created and initialized by the `G_DEFINE_TYPE` family of macros, for instance:

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    static void
    b_method_to_call (B *obj, gint some_param)
    {
      /* do stuff before chain up */

      /* call the method_to_call() virtual function on the
       * parent of BClass, AClass.
       *
       * remember the explicit cast to AClass*
       */
      A_CLASS (b_parent_class)->method_to_call (obj, some_param);

      /* do stuff after chain up */
    }

[8] The original adjective used in this sentence is not innocuous. To fully understand its meaning, recall how class structures are initialized: for each object type, the class structure associated with this object is created by first copying the class structure of its parent type (a simple `memcpy`) and then by invoking the `class_init` callback on the resulting class structure. Since the `class_init` callback is responsible for overwriting the class structure with the user re-implementations of the class methods, the modified copy of the parent class structure stored in the derived instance cannot be used. A copy of the class structure of an instance of the parent class is needed.