## Unicode Manipulation

Unicode Manipulation — functions operating on Unicode characters and UTF-8 strings

## Functions

gboolean | g_unichar_validate ()
gboolean | g_unichar_isalnum ()
gboolean | g_unichar_isalpha ()
gboolean | g_unichar_iscntrl ()
gboolean | g_unichar_isdefined ()
gboolean | g_unichar_isdigit ()
gboolean | g_unichar_isgraph ()
gboolean | g_unichar_islower ()
gboolean | g_unichar_ismark ()
gboolean | g_unichar_isprint ()
gboolean | g_unichar_ispunct ()
gboolean | g_unichar_isspace ()
gboolean | g_unichar_istitle ()
gboolean | g_unichar_isupper ()
gboolean | g_unichar_isxdigit ()
gboolean | g_unichar_iswide ()
gboolean | g_unichar_iswide_cjk ()
gboolean | g_unichar_iszerowidth ()
gunichar | g_unichar_toupper ()
gunichar | g_unichar_tolower ()
gunichar | g_unichar_totitle ()
gint | g_unichar_digit_value ()
gint | g_unichar_xdigit_value ()
gboolean | g_unichar_compose ()
gboolean | g_unichar_decompose ()
gsize | g_unichar_fully_decompose ()
GUnicodeType | g_unichar_type ()
GUnicodeBreakType | g_unichar_break_type ()
gint | g_unichar_combining_class ()
void | g_unicode_canonical_ordering ()
gunichar * | g_unicode_canonical_decomposition ()
gboolean | g_unichar_get_mirror_char ()
GUnicodeScript | g_unichar_get_script ()
GUnicodeScript | g_unicode_script_from_iso15924 ()
guint32 | g_unicode_script_to_iso15924 ()
#define | g_utf8_next_char()
gunichar | g_utf8_get_char ()
gunichar | g_utf8_get_char_validated ()
gchar * | g_utf8_offset_to_pointer ()
glong | g_utf8_pointer_to_offset ()
gchar * | g_utf8_prev_char ()
gchar * | g_utf8_find_next_char ()
gchar * | g_utf8_find_prev_char ()
glong | g_utf8_strlen ()
gchar * | g_utf8_strncpy ()
gchar * | g_utf8_strchr ()
gchar * | g_utf8_strrchr ()
gchar * | g_utf8_strreverse ()
gchar * | g_utf8_substring ()
gboolean | g_utf8_validate ()
gchar * | g_utf8_make_valid ()
gchar * | g_utf8_strup ()
gchar * | g_utf8_strdown ()
gchar * | g_utf8_casefold ()
gchar * | g_utf8_normalize ()
gint | g_utf8_collate ()
gchar * | g_utf8_collate_key ()
gchar * | g_utf8_collate_key_for_filename ()
gunichar2 * | g_utf8_to_utf16 ()
gunichar * | g_utf8_to_ucs4 ()
gunichar * | g_utf8_to_ucs4_fast ()
gunichar * | g_utf16_to_ucs4 ()
gchar * | g_utf16_to_utf8 ()
gunichar2 * | g_ucs4_to_utf16 ()
gchar * | g_ucs4_to_utf8 ()
gint | g_unichar_to_utf8 ()

## Types and Values

typedef | gunichar
typedef | gunichar2
#define | G_UNICHAR_MAX_DECOMPOSITION_LENGTH
enum | GUnicodeType
#define | G_UNICODE_COMBINING_MARK
enum | GUnicodeBreakType
enum | GUnicodeScript
enum | GNormalizeMode

## Includes

    #include <glib.h>

## Description

This section describes a number of functions for dealing with Unicode characters and strings. There are analogues of the traditional `ctype.h` character classification and case conversion functions, UTF-8 analogues of some string utility functions, functions to perform normalization, case conversion and collation on UTF-8 strings and finally functions to convert between the UTF-8, UTF-16 and UCS-4 encodings of Unicode.

The implementations of the Unicode functions in GLib are based on the Unicode Character Data tables, which are available from www.unicode.org. GLib 2.8 supports Unicode 4.0, GLib 2.10 supports Unicode 4.1, GLib 2.12 supports Unicode 5.0, GLib 2.16.3 supports Unicode 5.1, GLib 2.30 supports Unicode 6.0.

## Functions

### g_unichar_validate ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_validate (gunichar ch);

Checks whether `ch` is a valid Unicode character. Some possible integer values of `ch` will not be valid. 0 is considered a valid character, though it's normally a string terminator.

#### Parameters

ch | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if `ch` is a valid Unicode character

### g_unichar_isalnum ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_isalnum (gunichar c);

Determines whether a character is alphanumeric. Given some UTF-8 text, obtain a character value with `g_utf8_get_char()`.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if `c` is an alphanumeric character

### g_unichar_isalpha ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_isalpha (gunichar c);

Determines whether a character is alphabetic (i.e. a letter). Given some UTF-8 text, obtain a character value with `g_utf8_get_char()`.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if `c` is an alphabetic character

### g_unichar_iscntrl ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_iscntrl (gunichar c);

Determines whether a character is a control character. Given some UTF-8 text, obtain a character value with `g_utf8_get_char()`.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if `c` is a control character

### g_unichar_isdefined ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_isdefined (gunichar c);

Determines if a given character is assigned in the Unicode standard.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if the character has an assigned value

### g_unichar_isdigit ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_isdigit (gunichar c);

Determines whether a character is numeric (i.e. a digit). This covers ASCII 0-9 and also digits in other languages/scripts. Given some UTF-8 text, obtain a character value with `g_utf8_get_char()`.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if `c` is a digit

### g_unichar_isgraph ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_isgraph (gunichar c);

Determines whether a character is printable and not a space (returns `FALSE` for control characters, format characters, and spaces). `g_unichar_isprint()` is similar, but returns `TRUE` for spaces. Given some UTF-8 text, obtain a character value with `g_utf8_get_char()`.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if `c` is printable unless it's a space

### g_unichar_islower ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_islower (gunichar c);

Determines whether a character is a lowercase letter. Given some UTF-8 text, obtain a character value with `g_utf8_get_char()`.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if `c` is a lowercase letter

### g_unichar_ismark ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_ismark (gunichar c);

Determines whether a character is a mark (non-spacing mark, combining mark, or enclosing mark in Unicode speak). Given some UTF-8 text, obtain a character value with `g_utf8_get_char()`.

Note: in most cases where isalpha characters are allowed, ismark characters should be allowed to as they are essential for writing most European languages as well as many non-Latin scripts.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if `c` is a mark character

Since: 2.14

### g_unichar_isprint ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_isprint (gunichar c);

Determines whether a character is printable. Unlike `g_unichar_isgraph()`, returns `TRUE` for spaces. Given some UTF-8 text, obtain a character value with `g_utf8_get_char()`.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if `c` is printable

### g_unichar_ispunct ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_ispunct (gunichar c);

Determines whether a character is punctuation or a symbol. Given some UTF-8 text, obtain a character value with `g_utf8_get_char()`.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if `c` is a punctuation or symbol character

### g_unichar_isspace ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_isspace (gunichar c);

Determines whether a character is a space, tab, or line separator (newline, carriage return, etc.). Given some UTF-8 text, obtain a character value with `g_utf8_get_char()`.

(Note: don't use this to do word breaking; you have to use Pango or equivalent to get word breaking right, the algorithm is fairly complex.)

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if `c` is a space character

### g_unichar_istitle ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_istitle (gunichar c);

Determines if a character is titlecase. Some characters in Unicode which are composites, such as the DZ digraph have three case variants instead of just two. The titlecase form is used at the beginning of a word where only the first letter is capitalized. The titlecase form of the DZ digraph is U+01F2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTTER D WITH SMALL LETTER Z.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if the character is titlecase

### g_unichar_isupper ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_isupper (gunichar c);

Determines if a character is uppercase.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if `c` is an uppercase character

### g_unichar_isxdigit ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_isxdigit (gunichar c);

Determines if a character is a hexidecimal digit.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character. |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if the character is a hexadecimal digit

### g_unichar_iswide ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_iswide (gunichar c);

Determines if a character is typically rendered in a double-width cell.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if the character is wide

### g_unichar_iswide_cjk ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_iswide_cjk (gunichar c);

Determines if a character is typically rendered in a double-width cell under legacy East Asian locales. If a character is wide according to `g_unichar_iswide()`, then it is also reported wide with this function, but the converse is not necessarily true. See the Unicode Standard Annex 11 for details.

If a character passes the `g_unichar_iswide()` test then it will also pass this test, but not the other way around. Note that some characters may pass both this test and `g_unichar_iszerowidth()`.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if the character is wide in legacy East Asian locales

Since: 2.12

### g_unichar_iszerowidth ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_iszerowidth (gunichar c);

Determines if a given character typically takes zero width when rendered. The return value is `TRUE` for all non-spacing and enclosing marks (e.g., combining accents), format characters, zero-width space, but not U+00AD SOFT HYPHEN.

A typical use of this function is with one of `g_unichar_iswide()` or `g_unichar_iswide_cjk()` to determine the number of cells a string occupies when displayed on a grid display (terminals). However, note that not all terminals support zero-width rendering of zero-width marks.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if the character has zero width

Since: 2.14

### g_unichar_toupper ()

    gunichar
    g_unichar_toupper (gunichar c);

Converts a character to uppercase.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

the result of converting `c` to uppercase. If `c` is not an lowercase or titlecase character, or has no upper case equivalent `c` is returned unchanged.

### g_unichar_tolower ()

    gunichar
    g_unichar_tolower (gunichar c);

Converts a character to lower case.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character. |

#### Returns

the result of converting `c` to lower case. If `c` is not an upperlower or titlecase character, or has no lowercase equivalent `c` is returned unchanged.

### g_unichar_totitle ()

    gunichar
    g_unichar_totitle (gunichar c);

Converts a character to the titlecase.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

the result of converting `c` to titlecase. If `c` is not an uppercase or lowercase character, `c` is returned unchanged.

### g_unichar_digit_value ()

    gint
    g_unichar_digit_value (gunichar c);

Determines the numeric value of a character as a decimal digit.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

If `c` is a decimal digit (according to `g_unichar_isdigit()`), its numeric value. Otherwise, -1.

### g_unichar_xdigit_value ()

    gint
    g_unichar_xdigit_value (gunichar c);

Determines the numeric value of a character as a hexidecimal digit.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

If `c` is a hex digit (according to `g_unichar_isxdigit()`), its numeric value. Otherwise, -1.

### g_unichar_compose ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_compose (gunichar a,
                       gunichar b,
                       gunichar *ch);

Performs a single composition step of the Unicode canonical composition algorithm.

This function includes algorithmic Hangul Jamo composition, but it is not exactly the inverse of `g_unichar_decompose()`. No composition can have either of `a` or `b` equal to zero. To be precise, this function composes if and only if there exists a Primary Composite P which is canonically equivalent to the sequence <`a` ,`b` >. See the Unicode Standard for the definition of Primary Composite.

If `a` and `b` do not compose a new character, `ch` is set to zero.

See UAX15 for details.

#### Parameters

a | a Unicode character |
b | a Unicode character |
ch | return location for the composed character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if the characters could be composed

Since: 2.30

### g_unichar_decompose ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_decompose (gunichar ch,
                         gunichar *a,
                         gunichar *b);

Performs a single decomposition step of the Unicode canonical decomposition algorithm.

This function does not include compatibility decompositions. It does, however, include algorithmic Hangul Jamo decomposition, as well as 'singleton' decompositions which replace a character by a single other character. In the case of singletons *`b` will be set to zero.

If `ch` is not decomposable, *`a` is set to `ch` and *`b` is set to zero.

Note that the way Unicode decomposition pairs are defined, it is guaranteed that `b` would not decompose further, but `a` may itself decompose. To get the full canonical decomposition for `ch` , one would need to recursively call this function on `a` . Or use `g_unichar_fully_decompose()`.

See UAX15 for details.

#### Parameters

ch | a Unicode character |
a | return location for the first component of `ch` |
b | return location for the second component of `ch` |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if the character could be decomposed

Since: 2.30

### g_unichar_fully_decompose ()

    gsize
    g_unichar_fully_decompose (gunichar ch,
                               gboolean compat,
                               gunichar *result,
                               gsize result_len);

Computes the canonical or compatibility decomposition of a Unicode character. For compatibility decomposition, pass `TRUE` for `compat` ; for canonical decomposition pass `FALSE` for `compat` .

The decomposed sequence is placed in `result` . Only up to `result_len` characters are written into `result` . The length of the full decomposition (irrespective of `result_len` ) is returned by the function. For canonical decomposition, currently all decompositions are of length at most 4, but this may change in the future (very unlikely though). At any rate, Unicode does guarantee that a buffer of length 18 is always enough for both compatibility and canonical decompositions, so that is the size recommended. This is provided as `G_UNICHAR_MAX_DECOMPOSITION_LENGTH`.

See UAX15 for details.

#### Parameters

ch | a Unicode character. |
compat | whether perform canonical or compatibility decomposition |
result | location to store decomposed result, or `NULL`. | [nullable]
result_len | length of `result` |

#### Returns

the length of the full decomposition.

Since: 2.30

### g_unichar_type ()

    GUnicodeType
    g_unichar_type (gunichar c);

Classifies a Unicode character by type.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

the type of the character.

### g_unichar_break_type ()

    GUnicodeBreakType
    g_unichar_break_type (gunichar c);

Determines the break type of `c` . `c` should be a Unicode character (to derive a character from UTF-8 encoded text, use `g_utf8_get_char()`). The break type is used to find word and line breaks ("text boundaries"), Pango implements the Unicode boundary resolution algorithms and normally you would use a function such as `pango_break()` instead of caring about break types yourself.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

the break type of `c`

### g_unichar_combining_class ()

    gint
    g_unichar_combining_class (gunichar uc);

Determines the canonical combining class of a Unicode character.

#### Parameters

uc | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

the combining class of the character

Since: 2.14

### g_unicode_canonical_ordering ()

    void
    g_unicode_canonical_ordering (gunichar *string,
                                  gsize len);

Computes the canonical ordering of a string in-place. This rearranges decomposed characters in the string according to their combining classes. See the Unicode manual for more information.

#### Parameters

string | a UCS-4 encoded string. |
len | the maximum length of `string` to use. |

### g_unicode_canonical_decomposition ()

    gunichar *
    g_unicode_canonical_decomposition (gunichar ch,
                                       gsize *result_len);

`g_unicode_canonical_decomposition` has been deprecated since version 2.30 and should not be used in newly-written code.

Use the more flexible `g_unichar_fully_decompose()` instead.

Computes the canonical decomposition of a Unicode character.

#### Parameters

ch | a Unicode character. |
result_len | location to store the length of the return value. |

#### Returns

a newly allocated string of Unicode characters. `result_len` is set to the resulting length of the string.

### g_unichar_get_mirror_char ()

    gboolean
    g_unichar_get_mirror_char (gunichar ch,
                               gunichar *mirrored_ch);

In Unicode, some characters are "mirrored". This means that their images are mirrored horizontally in text that is laid out from right to left. For instance, "(" would become its mirror image, ")", in right-to-left text.

If `ch` has the Unicode mirrored property and there is another unicode character that typically has a glyph that is the mirror image of `ch` 's glyph and `mirrored_ch` is set, it puts that character in the address pointed to by `mirrored_ch` . Otherwise the original character is put.

#### Parameters

ch | a Unicode character |
mirrored_ch | location to store the mirrored character |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if `ch` has a mirrored character, `FALSE` otherwise

Since: 2.4

### g_unichar_get_script ()

    GUnicodeScript
    g_unichar_get_script (gunichar ch);

Looks up the GUnicodeScript for a particular character (as defined by Unicode Standard Annex #24). No check is made for `ch` being a valid Unicode character; if you pass in invalid character, the result is undefined.

This function is equivalent to `pango_script_for_unichar()` and the two are interchangeable.

#### Parameters

ch | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

the GUnicodeScript for the character.

Since: 2.14

### g_unicode_script_from_iso15924 ()

    GUnicodeScript
    g_unicode_script_from_iso15924 (guint32 iso15924);

Looks up the Unicode script for `iso15924` . ISO 15924 assigns four-letter codes to scripts. For example, the code for Arabic is 'Arab'. This function accepts four letter codes encoded as a `guint32` in a big-endian fashion. That is, the code expected for Arabic is 0x41726162 (0x41 is ASCII code for 'A', 0x72 is ASCII code for 'r', etc).

See Codes for the representation of names of scripts for details.

#### Parameters

iso15924 | a Unicode script |

#### Returns

the Unicode script for `iso15924` , or of `G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_INVALID_CODE` if `iso15924` is zero and `G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_UNKNOWN` if `iso15924` is unknown.

Since: 2.30

### g_unicode_script_to_iso15924 ()

    guint32
    g_unicode_script_to_iso15924 (GUnicodeScript script);

Looks up the ISO 15924 code for `script` . ISO 15924 assigns four-letter codes to scripts. For example, the code for Arabic is 'Arab'. The four letter codes are encoded as a `guint32` by this function in a big-endian fashion. That is, the code returned for Arabic is 0x41726162 (0x41 is ASCII code for 'A', 0x72 is ASCII code for 'r', etc).

See Codes for the representation of names of scripts for details.

#### Parameters

script | a Unicode script |

#### Returns

the ISO 15924 code for `script` , encoded as an integer, of zero if `script` is `G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_INVALID_CODE` or ISO 15924 code 'Zzzz' (script code for UNKNOWN) if `script` is not understood.

Since: 2.30

### g_utf8_next_char()

    #define             g_utf8_next_char(p)

Skips to the next character in a UTF-8 string. The string must be valid; this macro is as fast as possible, and has no error-checking. You would use this macro to iterate over a string character by character. The macro returns the start of the next UTF-8 character. Before using this macro, use `g_utf8_validate()` to validate strings that may contain invalid UTF-8.

#### Parameters

p | Pointer to the start of a valid UTF-8 character |

### g_utf8_get_char ()

    gunichar
    g_utf8_get_char (const gchar *p);

Converts a sequence of bytes encoded as UTF-8 to a Unicode character.

If `p` does not point to a valid UTF-8 encoded character, results are undefined. If you are not sure that the bytes are complete valid Unicode characters, you should use `g_utf8_get_char_validated()` instead.

#### Parameters

p | a pointer to Unicode character encoded as UTF-8 |

#### Returns

the resulting character

### g_utf8_get_char_validated ()

    gunichar
    g_utf8_get_char_validated (const gchar *p,
                               gssize max_len);

Convert a sequence of bytes encoded as UTF-8 to a Unicode character. This function checks for incomplete characters, for invalid characters such as characters that are out of the range of Unicode, and for overlong encodings of valid characters.

Note that `g_utf8_get_char_validated()` returns (gunichar)-2 if `max_len` is positive and any of the bytes in the first UTF-8 character sequence are nul.

#### Parameters

p | a pointer to Unicode character encoded as UTF-8 |
max_len | the maximum number of bytes to read, or -1 if `p` is nul-terminated |

#### Returns

the resulting character. If `p` points to a partial sequence at the end of a string that could begin a valid character (or if `max_len` is zero), returns (gunichar)-2; otherwise, if `p` does not point to a valid UTF-8 encoded Unicode character, returns (gunichar)-1.

### g_utf8_offset_to_pointer ()

    gchar *
    g_utf8_offset_to_pointer (const gchar *str,
                              glong offset);

Converts from an integer character offset to a pointer to a position within the string.

Since 2.10, this function allows to pass a negative `offset` to step backwards. It is usually worth stepping backwards from the end instead of forwards if `offset` is in the last fourth of the string, since moving forward is about 3 times faster than moving backward.

Note that this function doesn't abort when reaching the end of `str` . Therefore you should be sure that `offset` is within string boundaries before calling that function. Call `g_utf8_strlen()` when unsure. This limitation exists as this function is called frequently during text rendering and therefore has to be as fast as possible.

#### Parameters

str | a UTF-8 encoded string |
offset | a character offset within `str` |

#### Returns

the resulting pointer

### g_utf8_pointer_to_offset ()

    glong
    g_utf8_pointer_to_offset (const gchar *str,
                              const gchar *pos);

Converts from a pointer to position within a string to a integer character offset.

Since 2.10, this function allows `pos` to be before `str` , and returns a negative offset in this case.

#### Parameters

str | a UTF-8 encoded string |
pos | a pointer to a position within `str` |

#### Returns

the resulting character offset

### g_utf8_prev_char ()

    gchar *
    g_utf8_prev_char (const gchar *p);

Finds the previous UTF-8 character in the string before `p` .

`p` does not have to be at the beginning of a UTF-8 character. No check is made to see if the character found is actually valid other than it starts with an appropriate byte. If `p` might be the first character of the string, you must use `g_utf8_find_prev_char()` instead.

#### Parameters

p | a pointer to a position within a UTF-8 encoded string |

#### Returns

a pointer to the found character

### g_utf8_find_next_char ()

    gchar *
    g_utf8_find_next_char (const gchar *p,
                           const gchar *end);

Finds the start of the next UTF-8 character in the string after `p` .

`p` does not have to be at the beginning of a UTF-8 character. No check is made to see if the character found is actually valid other than it starts with an appropriate byte.

If `end` is `NULL`, the return value will never be `NULL`: if the end of the string is reached, a pointer to the terminating nul byte is returned. If `end` is non-`NULL`, the return value will be `NULL` if the end of the string is reached.

#### Parameters

p | a pointer to a position within a UTF-8 encoded string |
end | a pointer to the byte following the end of the string, or `NULL` to indicate that the string is nul-terminated. | [nullable]

#### Returns

a pointer to the found character or `NULL` if `end` is set and is reached.

[nullable]

### g_utf8_find_prev_char ()

    gchar *
    g_utf8_find_prev_char (const gchar *str,
                           const gchar *p);

Given a position `p` with a UTF-8 encoded string `str` , find the start of the previous UTF-8 character starting before `p` . Returns `NULL` if no UTF-8 characters are present in `str` before `p` .

`p` does not have to be at the beginning of a UTF-8 character. No check is made to see if the character found is actually valid other than it starts with an appropriate byte.

#### Parameters

str | pointer to the beginning of a UTF-8 encoded string |
p | pointer to some position within `str` |

#### Returns

a pointer to the found character or `NULL`.

### g_utf8_strlen ()

    glong
    g_utf8_strlen (const gchar *p,
                   gssize max);

Computes the length of the string in characters, not including the terminating nul character. If the `max` 'th byte falls in the middle of a character, the last (partial) character is not counted.

#### Parameters

p | pointer to the start of a UTF-8 encoded string |
max | the maximum number of bytes to examine. If `max` is less than 0, then the string is assumed to be nul-terminated. If `max` is 0, `p` will not be examined and may be `NULL`. If `max` is greater than 0, up to `max` bytes are examined |

#### Returns

the length of the string in characters

### g_utf8_strncpy ()

    gchar *
    g_utf8_strncpy (gchar *dest,
                    const gchar *src,
                    gsize n);

Like the standard C `strncpy()` function, but copies a given number of characters instead of a given number of bytes. The `src` string must be valid UTF-8 encoded text. (Use `g_utf8_validate()` on all text before trying to use UTF-8 utility functions with it.)

#### Parameters

dest | buffer to fill with characters from `src` |
src | UTF-8 encoded string |
n | character count |

#### Returns

`dest`

### g_utf8_strchr ()

    gchar *
    g_utf8_strchr (const gchar *p,
                   gssize len,
                   gunichar c);

Finds the leftmost occurrence of the given Unicode character in a UTF-8 encoded string, while limiting the search to `len` bytes. If `len` is -1, allow unbounded search.

#### Parameters

p | a nul-terminated UTF-8 encoded string |
len | the maximum length of `p` |
c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`NULL` if the string does not contain the character, otherwise, a pointer to the start of the leftmost occurrence of the character in the string.

### g_utf8_strrchr ()

    gchar *
    g_utf8_strrchr (const gchar *p,
                    gssize len,
                    gunichar c);

Find the rightmost occurrence of the given Unicode character in a UTF-8 encoded string, while limiting the search to `len` bytes. If `len` is -1, allow unbounded search.

#### Parameters

p | a nul-terminated UTF-8 encoded string |
len | the maximum length of `p` |
c | a Unicode character |

#### Returns

`NULL` if the string does not contain the character, otherwise, a pointer to the start of the rightmost occurrence of the character in the string.

### g_utf8_strreverse ()

    gchar *
    g_utf8_strreverse (const gchar *str,
                       gssize len);

Reverses a UTF-8 string. `str` must be valid UTF-8 encoded text. (Use `g_utf8_validate()` on all text before trying to use UTF-8 utility functions with it.)

This function is intended for programmatic uses of reversed strings. It pays no attention to decomposed characters, combining marks, byte order marks, directional indicators (LRM, LRO, etc) and similar characters which might need special handling when reversing a string for display purposes.

Note that unlike `g_strreverse()`, this function returns newly-allocated memory, which should be freed with `g_free()` when no longer needed.

#### Parameters

str | a UTF-8 encoded string |
len | the maximum length of `str` to use, in bytes. If `len` < 0, then the string is nul-terminated. |

#### Returns

a newly-allocated string which is the reverse of `str`

Since: 2.2

### g_utf8_substring ()

    gchar *
    g_utf8_substring (const gchar *str,
                      glong start_pos,
                      glong end_pos);

Copies a substring out of a UTF-8 encoded string. The substring will contain `end_pos` - `start_pos` characters.

#### Parameters

str | a UTF-8 encoded string |
start_pos | a character offset within `str` |
end_pos | another character offset within `str` |

#### Returns

a newly allocated copy of the requested substring. Free with `g_free()` when no longer needed.

Since: 2.30

### g_utf8_validate ()

    gboolean
    g_utf8_validate (const gchar *str,
                     gssize max_len,
                     const gchar **end);

Validates UTF-8 encoded text. `str` is the text to validate; if `str` is nul-terminated, then `max_len` can be -1, otherwise `max_len` should be the number of bytes to validate. If `end` is non-`NULL`, then the end of the valid range will be stored there (i.e. the start of the first invalid character if some bytes were invalid, or the end of the text being validated otherwise).

Note that `g_utf8_validate()` returns `FALSE` if `max_len` is positive and any of the `max_len` bytes are nul.

Returns `TRUE` if all of `str` was valid. Many GLib and GTK+ routines require valid UTF-8 as input; so data read from a file or the network should be checked with `g_utf8_validate()` before doing anything else with it.

#### Parameters

str | a pointer to character data. | [array length=max_len][element-type guint8]
max_len | max bytes to validate, or -1 to go until NUL |
end | return location for end of valid data. | [out][optional][transfer none]

#### Returns

`TRUE` if the text was valid UTF-8

### g_utf8_make_valid ()

    gchar *
    g_utf8_make_valid (const gchar *str,
                       gssize len);

If the provided string is valid UTF-8, return a copy of it. If not, return a copy in which bytes that could not be interpreted as valid Unicode are replaced with the Unicode replacement character (U+FFFD).

For example, this is an appropriate function to use if you have received a string that was incorrectly declared to be UTF-8, and you need a valid UTF-8 version of it that can be logged or displayed to the user, with the assumption that it is close enough to ASCII or UTF-8 to be mostly readable as-is.

#### Parameters

str | string to coerce into UTF-8 |
len | the maximum length of `str` to use, in bytes. If `len` < 0, then the string is nul-terminated. |

#### Returns

a valid UTF-8 string whose content resembles `str` .

[transfer full]

Since: 2.52

### g_utf8_strup ()

    gchar *
    g_utf8_strup (const gchar *str,
                  gssize len);

Converts all Unicode characters in the string that have a case to uppercase. The exact manner that this is done depends on the current locale, and may result in the number of characters in the string increasing. (For instance, the German ess-zet will be changed to SS.)

#### Parameters

str | a UTF-8 encoded string |
len | length of `str` , in bytes, or -1 if `str` is nul-terminated. |

#### Returns

a newly allocated string, with all characters converted to uppercase.

### g_utf8_strdown ()

    gchar *
    g_utf8_strdown (const gchar *str,
                    gssize len);

Converts all Unicode characters in the string that have a case to lowercase. The exact manner that this is done depends on the current locale, and may result in the number of characters in the string changing.

#### Parameters

str | a UTF-8 encoded string |
len | length of `str` , in bytes, or -1 if `str` is nul-terminated. |

#### Returns

a newly allocated string, with all characters converted to lowercase.

### g_utf8_casefold ()

    gchar *
    g_utf8_casefold (const gchar *str,
                     gssize len);

Converts a string into a form that is independent of case. The result will not correspond to any particular case, but can be compared for equality or ordered with the results of calling `g_utf8_casefold()` on other strings.

Note that calling `g_utf8_casefold()` followed by `g_utf8_collate()` is only an approximation to the correct linguistic case insensitive ordering, though it is a fairly good one. Getting this exactly right would require a more sophisticated collation function that takes case sensitivity into account. GLib does not currently provide such a function.

#### Parameters

str | a UTF-8 encoded string |
len | length of `str` , in bytes, or -1 if `str` is nul-terminated. |

#### Returns

a newly allocated string, that is a case independent form of `str` .

### g_utf8_normalize ()

    gchar *
    g_utf8_normalize (const gchar *str,
                      gssize len,
                      GNormalizeMode mode);

Converts a string into canonical form, standardizing such issues as whether a character with an accent is represented as a base character and combining accent or as a single precomposed character. The string has to be valid UTF-8, otherwise `NULL` is returned. You should generally call `g_utf8_normalize()` before comparing two Unicode strings.

The normalization mode `G_NORMALIZE_DEFAULT` only standardizes differences that do not affect the text content, such as the above-mentioned accent representation. `G_NORMALIZE_ALL` also standardizes the "compatibility" characters in Unicode, such as SUPERSCRIPT THREE to the standard forms (in this case DIGIT THREE). Formatting information may be lost but for most text operations such characters should be considered the same.

`G_NORMALIZE_DEFAULT_COMPOSE` and `G_NORMALIZE_ALL_COMPOSE` are like `G_NORMALIZE_DEFAULT` and `G_NORMALIZE_ALL`, but returned a result with composed forms rather than a maximally decomposed form. This is often useful if you intend to convert the string to a legacy encoding or pass it to a system with less capable Unicode handling.

#### Parameters

str | a UTF-8 encoded string. |
len | length of `str` , in bytes, or -1 if `str` is nul-terminated. |
mode | the type of normalization to perform. |

#### Returns

a newly allocated string, that is the normalized form of `str` , or `NULL` if `str` is not valid UTF-8.

### g_utf8_collate ()

    gint
    g_utf8_collate (const gchar *str1,
                    const gchar *str2);

Compares two strings for ordering using the linguistically correct rules for the current locale. When sorting a large number of strings, it will be significantly faster to obtain collation keys with `g_utf8_collate_key()` and compare the keys with `strcmp()` when sorting instead of sorting the original strings.

#### Parameters

str1 | a UTF-8 encoded string |
str2 | a UTF-8 encoded string |

#### Returns

< 0 if `str1` compares before `str2` , 0 if they compare equal, > 0 if `str1` compares after `str2` .

### g_utf8_collate_key ()

    gchar *
    g_utf8_collate_key (const gchar *str,
                        gssize len);

Converts a string into a collation key that can be compared with other collation keys produced by the same function using `strcmp()`.

The results of comparing the collation keys of two strings with `strcmp()` will always be the same as comparing the two original keys with `g_utf8_collate()`.

Note that this function depends on the current locale.

#### Parameters

str | a UTF-8 encoded string. |
len | length of `str` , in bytes, or -1 if `str` is nul-terminated. |

#### Returns

a newly allocated string. This string should be freed with `g_free()` when you are done with it.

### g_utf8_collate_key_for_filename ()

    gchar *
    g_utf8_collate_key_for_filename (const gchar *str,
                                     gssize len);

Converts a string into a collation key that can be compared with other collation keys produced by the same function using `strcmp()`.

In order to sort filenames correctly, this function treats the dot '.' as a special case. Most dictionary orderings seem to consider it insignificant, thus producing the ordering "event.c" "eventgenerator.c" "event.h" instead of "event.c" "event.h" "eventgenerator.c". Also, we would like to treat numbers intelligently so that "file1" "file10" "file5" is sorted as "file1" "file5" "file10".

Note that this function depends on the current locale.

#### Parameters

str | a UTF-8 encoded string. |
len | length of `str` , in bytes, or -1 if `str` is nul-terminated. |

#### Returns

a newly allocated string. This string should be freed with `g_free()` when you are done with it.

Since: 2.8

### g_utf8_to_utf16 ()

    gunichar2 *
    g_utf8_to_utf16 (const gchar *str,
                     glong len,
                     glong *items_read,
                     glong *items_written,
                     GError **error);

Convert a string from UTF-8 to UTF-16. A 0 character will be added to the result after the converted text.

#### Parameters

str | a UTF-8 encoded string |
len | the maximum length (number of bytes) of `str` to use. If `len` < 0, then the string is nul-terminated. |
items_read | location to store number of bytes read, or `NULL`. If `NULL`, then `G_CONVERT_ERROR_PARTIAL_INPUT` will be returned in case `str` contains a trailing partial character. If an error occurs then the index of the invalid input is stored here. | [out caller-allocates][optional]
items_written | location to store number of gunichar2 written, or `NULL`. The value stored here does not include the trailing 0. | [out caller-allocates][optional]
error | location to store the error occurring, or `NULL` to ignore errors. Any of the errors in GConvertError other than `G_CONVERT_ERROR_NO_CONVERSION` may occur. |

#### Returns

a pointer to a newly allocated UTF-16 string. This value must be freed with `g_free()`. If an error occurs, `NULL` will be returned and `error` set.

### g_utf8_to_ucs4 ()

    gunichar *
    g_utf8_to_ucs4 (const gchar *str,
                    glong len,
                    glong *items_read,
                    glong *items_written,
                    GError **error);

Convert a string from UTF-8 to a 32-bit fixed width representation as UCS-4. A trailing 0 character will be added to the string after the converted text.

#### Parameters

str | a UTF-8 encoded string |
len | the maximum length of `str` to use, in bytes. If `len` < 0, then the string is nul-terminated. |
items_read | location to store number of bytes read, or `NULL`. If `NULL`, then `G_CONVERT_ERROR_PARTIAL_INPUT` will be returned in case `str` contains a trailing partial character. If an error occurs then the index of the invalid input is stored here. | [out caller-allocates][optional]
items_written | location to store number of characters written or `NULL`. The value here stored does not include the trailing 0 character. | [out caller-allocates][optional]
error | location to store the error occurring, or `NULL` to ignore errors. Any of the errors in GConvertError other than `G_CONVERT_ERROR_NO_CONVERSION` may occur. |

#### Returns

a pointer to a newly allocated UCS-4 string. This value must be freed with `g_free()`. If an error occurs, `NULL` will be returned and `error` set.

### g_utf8_to_ucs4_fast ()

    gunichar *
    g_utf8_to_ucs4_fast (const gchar *str,
                         glong len,
                         glong *items_written);

Convert a string from UTF-8 to a 32-bit fixed width representation as UCS-4, assuming valid UTF-8 input. This function is roughly twice as fast as `g_utf8_to_ucs4()` but does no error checking on the input. A trailing 0 character will be added to the string after the converted text.

#### Parameters

str | a UTF-8 encoded string |
len | the maximum length of `str` to use, in bytes. If `len` < 0, then the string is nul-terminated. |
items_written | location to store the number of characters in the result, or `NULL`. | [out caller-allocates][optional]

#### Returns

a pointer to a newly allocated UCS-4 string. This value must be freed with `g_free()`.

### g_utf16_to_ucs4 ()

    gunichar *
    g_utf16_to_ucs4 (const gunichar2 *str,
                     glong len,
                     glong *items_read,
                     glong *items_written,
                     GError **error);

Convert a string from UTF-16 to UCS-4. The result will be nul-terminated.

#### Parameters

str | a UTF-16 encoded string |
len | the maximum length (number of gunichar2) of `str` to use. If `len` < 0, then the string is nul-terminated. |
items_read | location to store number of words read, or `NULL`. If `NULL`, then `G_CONVERT_ERROR_PARTIAL_INPUT` will be returned in case `str` contains a trailing partial character. If an error occurs then the index of the invalid input is stored here. | [out caller-allocates][optional]
items_written | location to store number of characters written, or `NULL`. The value stored here does not include the trailing 0 character. | [out caller-allocates][optional]
error | location to store the error occurring, or `NULL` to ignore errors. Any of the errors in GConvertError other than `G_CONVERT_ERROR_NO_CONVERSION` may occur. |

#### Returns

a pointer to a newly allocated UCS-4 string. This value must be freed with `g_free()`. If an error occurs, `NULL` will be returned and `error` set.

### g_utf16_to_utf8 ()

    gchar *
    g_utf16_to_utf8 (const gunichar2 *str,
                     glong len,
                     glong *items_read,
                     glong *items_written,
                     GError **error);

Convert a string from UTF-16 to UTF-8. The result will be terminated with a 0 byte.

Note that the input is expected to be already in native endianness, an initial byte-order-mark character is not handled specially. `g_convert()` can be used to convert a byte buffer of UTF-16 data of ambiguous endianess.

Further note that this function does not validate the result string; it may e.g. include embedded NUL characters. The only validation done by this function is to ensure that the input can be correctly interpreted as UTF-16, i.e. it doesn't contain things unpaired surrogates.

#### Parameters

str | a UTF-16 encoded string |
len | the maximum length (number of gunichar2) of `str` to use. If `len` < 0, then the string is nul-terminated. |
items_read | location to store number of words read, or `NULL`. If `NULL`, then `G_CONVERT_ERROR_PARTIAL_INPUT` will be returned in case `str` contains a trailing partial character. If an error occurs then the index of the invalid input is stored here. | [out caller-allocates][optional]
items_written | location to store number of bytes written, or `NULL`. The value stored here does not include the trailing 0 byte. | [out caller-allocates][optional]
error | location to store the error occurring, or `NULL` to ignore errors. Any of the errors in GConvertError other than `G_CONVERT_ERROR_NO_CONVERSION` may occur. |

#### Returns

a pointer to a newly allocated UTF-8 string. This value must be freed with `g_free()`. If an error occurs, `NULL` will be returned and `error` set.

### g_ucs4_to_utf16 ()

    gunichar2 *
    g_ucs4_to_utf16 (const gunichar *str,
                     glong len,
                     glong *items_read,
                     glong *items_written,
                     GError **error);

Convert a string from UCS-4 to UTF-16. A 0 character will be added to the result after the converted text.

#### Parameters

str | a UCS-4 encoded string |
len | the maximum length (number of characters) of `str` to use. If `len` < 0, then the string is nul-terminated. |
items_read | location to store number of bytes read, or `NULL`. If an error occurs then the index of the invalid input is stored here. | [out caller-allocates][optional]
items_written | location to store number of gunichar2 written, or `NULL`. The value stored here does not include the trailing 0. | [out caller-allocates][optional]
error | location to store the error occurring, or `NULL` to ignore errors. Any of the errors in GConvertError other than `G_CONVERT_ERROR_NO_CONVERSION` may occur. |

#### Returns

a pointer to a newly allocated UTF-16 string. This value must be freed with `g_free()`. If an error occurs, `NULL` will be returned and `error` set.

### g_ucs4_to_utf8 ()

    gchar *
    g_ucs4_to_utf8 (const gunichar *str,
                    glong len,
                    glong *items_read,
                    glong *items_written,
                    GError **error);

Convert a string from a 32-bit fixed width representation as UCS-4. to UTF-8. The result will be terminated with a 0 byte.

#### Parameters

str | a UCS-4 encoded string |
len | the maximum length (number of characters) of `str` to use. If `len` < 0, then the string is nul-terminated. |
items_read | location to store number of characters read, or `NULL`. | [out caller-allocates][optional]
items_written | location to store number of bytes written or `NULL`. The value here stored does not include the trailing 0 byte. | [out caller-allocates][optional]
error | location to store the error occurring, or `NULL` to ignore errors. Any of the errors in GConvertError other than `G_CONVERT_ERROR_NO_CONVERSION` may occur. |

#### Returns

a pointer to a newly allocated UTF-8 string. This value must be freed with `g_free()`. If an error occurs, `NULL` will be returned and `error` set. In that case, `items_read` will be set to the position of the first invalid input character.

### g_unichar_to_utf8 ()

    gint
    g_unichar_to_utf8 (gunichar c,
                       gchar *outbuf);

Converts a single character to UTF-8.

#### Parameters

c | a Unicode character code |
outbuf | output buffer, must have at least 6 bytes of space. If `NULL`, the length will be computed and returned and nothing will be written to `outbuf` . | [out caller-allocates][optional]

#### Returns

number of bytes written

## Types and Values

### gunichar

    typedef guint32 gunichar;

A type which can hold any UTF-32 or UCS-4 character code, also known as a Unicode code point.

If you want to produce the UTF-8 representation of a gunichar, use `g_ucs4_to_utf8()`. See also `g_utf8_to_ucs4()` for the reverse process.

To print/scan values of this type as integer, use `G_GINT32_MODIFIER` and/or `G_GUINT32_FORMAT`.

The notation to express a Unicode code point in running text is as a hexadecimal number with four to six digits and uppercase letters, prefixed by the string "U+". Leading zeros are omitted, unless the code point would have fewer than four hexadecimal digits. For example, "U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A". To print a code point in the U+-notation, use the format string "U+%04"G_GINT32_FORMAT"X". To scan, use the format string "U+%06"G_GINT32_FORMAT"X".

    1
    2
    3
    gunichar c;
    sscanf ("U+0041", "U+%06"G_GINT32_FORMAT"X", &amp;c)
    g_print ("Read U+%04"G_GINT32_FORMAT"X", c);

### gunichar2

    typedef guint16 gunichar2;

A type which can hold any UTF-16 code point<footnote id="utf16_surrogate_pairs">UTF-16 also has so called <firstterm>surrogate pairs</firstterm> to encode characters beyond the BMP as pairs of 16bit numbers. Surrogate pairs cannot be stored in a single gunichar2 field, but all GLib functions accepting gunichar2 arrays will correctly interpret surrogate pairs.</footnote>.

To print/scan values of this type to/from text you need to convert to/from UTF-8, using `g_utf16_to_utf8()`/`g_utf8_to_utf16()`.

To print/scan values of this type as integer, use `G_GINT16_MODIFIER` and/or `G_GUINT16_FORMAT`.

### G_UNICHAR_MAX_DECOMPOSITION_LENGTH

    #define G_UNICHAR_MAX_DECOMPOSITION_LENGTH 18 /* codepoints */

The maximum length (in codepoints) of a compatibility or canonical decomposition of a single Unicode character.

This is as defined by Unicode 6.1.

Since: 2.32

### enum GUnicodeType

These are the possible character classifications from the Unicode specification. See Unicode Character Database.

#### Members

G_UNICODE_CONTROL | General category "Other, Control" (Cc) |
G_UNICODE_FORMAT | General category "Other, Format" (Cf) |
G_UNICODE_UNASSIGNED | General category "Other, Not Assigned" (Cn) |
G_UNICODE_PRIVATE_USE | General category "Other, Private Use" (Co) |
G_UNICODE_SURROGATE | General category "Other, Surrogate" (Cs) |
G_UNICODE_LOWERCASE_LETTER | General category "Letter, Lowercase" (Ll) |
G_UNICODE_MODIFIER_LETTER | General category "Letter, Modifier" (Lm) |
G_UNICODE_OTHER_LETTER | General category "Letter, Other" (Lo) |
G_UNICODE_TITLECASE_LETTER | General category "Letter, Titlecase" (Lt) |
G_UNICODE_UPPERCASE_LETTER | General category "Letter, Uppercase" (Lu) |
G_UNICODE_SPACING_MARK | General category "Mark, Spacing" (Mc) |
G_UNICODE_ENCLOSING_MARK | General category "Mark, Enclosing" (Me) |
G_UNICODE_NON_SPACING_MARK | General category "Mark, Nonspacing" (Mn) |
G_UNICODE_DECIMAL_NUMBER | General category "Number, Decimal Digit" (Nd) |
G_UNICODE_LETTER_NUMBER | General category "Number, Letter" (Nl) |
G_UNICODE_OTHER_NUMBER | General category "Number, Other" (No) |
G_UNICODE_CONNECT_PUNCTUATION | General category "Punctuation, Connector" (Pc) |
G_UNICODE_DASH_PUNCTUATION | General category "Punctuation, Dash" (Pd) |
G_UNICODE_CLOSE_PUNCTUATION | General category "Punctuation, Close" (Pe) |
G_UNICODE_FINAL_PUNCTUATION | General category "Punctuation, Final quote" (Pf) |
G_UNICODE_INITIAL_PUNCTUATION | General category "Punctuation, Initial quote" (Pi) |
G_UNICODE_OTHER_PUNCTUATION | General category "Punctuation, Other" (Po) |
G_UNICODE_OPEN_PUNCTUATION | General category "Punctuation, Open" (Ps) |
G_UNICODE_CURRENCY_SYMBOL | General category "Symbol, Currency" (Sc) |
G_UNICODE_MODIFIER_SYMBOL | General category "Symbol, Modifier" (Sk) |
G_UNICODE_MATH_SYMBOL | General category "Symbol, Math" (Sm) |
G_UNICODE_OTHER_SYMBOL | General category "Symbol, Other" (So) |
G_UNICODE_LINE_SEPARATOR | General category "Separator, Line" (Zl) |
G_UNICODE_PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR | General category "Separator, Paragraph" (Zp) |
G_UNICODE_SPACE_SEPARATOR | General category "Separator, Space" (Zs) |

### G_UNICODE_COMBINING_MARK

    #define G_UNICODE_COMBINING_MARK G_UNICODE_SPACING_MARK

`G_UNICODE_COMBINING_MARK` has been deprecated since version 2.30 and should not be used in newly-written code.

Use `G_UNICODE_SPACING_MARK`.

Older name for `G_UNICODE_SPACING_MARK`.

### enum GUnicodeBreakType

These are the possible line break classifications.

Since new unicode versions may add new types here, applications should be ready to handle unknown values. They may be regarded as `G_UNICODE_BREAK_UNKNOWN`.

See Unicode Line Breaking Algorithm.

#### Members

G_UNICODE_BREAK_MANDATORY | Mandatory Break (BK) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_CARRIAGE_RETURN | Carriage Return (CR) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_LINE_FEED | Line Feed (LF) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_COMBINING_MARK | Attached Characters and Combining Marks (CM) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_SURROGATE | Surrogates (SG) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_ZERO_WIDTH_SPACE | Zero Width Space (ZW) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_INSEPARABLE | Inseparable (IN) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_NON_BREAKING_GLUE | Non-breaking ("Glue") (GL) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_CONTINGENT | Contingent Break Opportunity (CB) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_SPACE | Space (SP) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_AFTER | Break Opportunity After (BA) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_BEFORE | Break Opportunity Before (BB) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_BEFORE_AND_AFTER | Break Opportunity Before and After (B2) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_HYPHEN | Hyphen (HY) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_NON_STARTER | Nonstarter (NS) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_OPEN_PUNCTUATION | Opening Punctuation (OP) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_CLOSE_PUNCTUATION | Closing Punctuation (CL) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_QUOTATION | Ambiguous Quotation (QU) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_EXCLAMATION | Exclamation/Interrogation (EX) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_IDEOGRAPHIC | Ideographic (ID) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_NUMERIC | Numeric (NU) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_INFIX_SEPARATOR | Infix Separator (Numeric) (IS) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_SYMBOL | Symbols Allowing Break After (SY) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_ALPHABETIC | Ordinary Alphabetic and Symbol Characters (AL) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_PREFIX | Prefix (Numeric) (PR) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_POSTFIX | Postfix (Numeric) (PO) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_COMPLEX_CONTEXT | Complex Content Dependent (South East Asian) (SA) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_AMBIGUOUS | Ambiguous (Alphabetic or Ideographic) (AI) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_UNKNOWN | Unknown (XX) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_NEXT_LINE | Next Line (NL) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_WORD_JOINER | Word Joiner (WJ) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_HANGUL_L_JAMO | Hangul L Jamo (JL) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_HANGUL_V_JAMO | Hangul V Jamo (JV) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_HANGUL_T_JAMO | Hangul T Jamo (JT) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_HANGUL_LV_SYLLABLE | Hangul LV Syllable (H2) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_HANGUL_LVT_SYLLABLE | Hangul LVT Syllable (H3) |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_CLOSE_PARANTHESIS | Closing Parenthesis (CP). Since 2.28 |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_CONDITIONAL_JAPANESE_STARTER | Conditional Japanese Starter (CJ). Since: 2.32 |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_HEBREW_LETTER | Hebrew Letter (HL). Since: 2.32 |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_REGIONAL_INDICATOR | Regional Indicator (RI). Since: 2.36 |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_EMOJI_BASE | Emoji Base (EB). Since: 2.50 |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_EMOJI_MODIFIER | Emoji Modifier (EM). Since: 2.50 |
G_UNICODE_BREAK_ZERO_WIDTH_JOINER | Zero Width Joiner (ZWJ). Since: 2.50 |

### enum GUnicodeScript

The GUnicodeScript enumeration identifies different writing systems. The values correspond to the names as defined in the Unicode standard. The enumeration has been added in GLib 2.14, and is interchangeable with PangoScript.

Note that new types may be added in the future. Applications should be ready to handle unknown values. See Unicode Standard Annex 24: Script names.

#### Members

G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_INVALID_CODE | a value never returned from `g_unichar_get_script()` |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_COMMON | a character used by multiple different scripts |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_INHERITED | a mark glyph that takes its script from the base glyph to which it is attached |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_ARABIC | Arabic |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_ARMENIAN | Armenian |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_BENGALI | Bengali |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_BOPOMOFO | Bopomofo |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_CHEROKEE | Cherokee |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_COPTIC | Coptic |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_CYRILLIC | Cyrillic |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_DESERET | Deseret |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_DEVANAGARI | Devanagari |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_ETHIOPIC | Ethiopic |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_GEORGIAN | Georgian |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_GOTHIC | Gothic |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_GREEK | Greek |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_GUJARATI | Gujarati |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_GURMUKHI | Gurmukhi |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_HAN | Han |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_HANGUL | Hangul |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_HEBREW | Hebrew |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_HIRAGANA | Hiragana |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_KANNADA | Kannada |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_KATAKANA | Katakana |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_KHMER | Khmer |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_LAO | Lao |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_LATIN | Latin |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_MALAYALAM | Malayalam |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_MONGOLIAN | Mongolian |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_MYANMAR | Myanmar |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_OGHAM | Ogham |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_OLD_ITALIC | Old Italic |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_ORIYA | Oriya |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_RUNIC | Runic |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_SINHALA | Sinhala |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_SYRIAC | Syriac |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_TAMIL | Tamil |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_TELUGU | Telugu |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_THAANA | Thaana |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_THAI | Thai |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_TIBETAN | Tibetan |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_CANADIAN_ABORIGINAL | Canadian Aboriginal |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_YI | Yi |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_TAGALOG | Tagalog |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_HANUNOO | Hanunoo |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_BUHID | Buhid |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_TAGBANWA | Tagbanwa |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_BRAILLE | Braille |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_CYPRIOT | Cypriot |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_LIMBU | Limbu |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_OSMANYA | Osmanya |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_SHAVIAN | Shavian |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_LINEAR_B | Linear B |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_TAI_LE | Tai Le |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_UGARITIC | Ugaritic |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_NEW_TAI_LUE | New Tai Lue |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_BUGINESE | Buginese |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_GLAGOLITIC | Glagolitic |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_TIFINAGH | Tifinagh |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_SYLOTI_NAGRI | Syloti Nagri |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_OLD_PERSIAN | Old Persian |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_KHAROSHTHI | Kharoshthi |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_UNKNOWN | an unassigned code point |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_BALINESE | Balinese |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_CUNEIFORM | Cuneiform |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_PHOENICIAN | Phoenician |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_PHAGS_PA | Phags-pa |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_NKO | N'Ko |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_KAYAH_LI | Kayah Li. Since 2.16.3 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_LEPCHA | Lepcha. Since 2.16.3 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_REJANG | Rejang. Since 2.16.3 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_SUNDANESE | Sundanese. Since 2.16.3 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_SAURASHTRA | Saurashtra. Since 2.16.3 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_CHAM | Cham. Since 2.16.3 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_OL_CHIKI | Ol Chiki. Since 2.16.3 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_VAI | Vai. Since 2.16.3 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_CARIAN | Carian. Since 2.16.3 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_LYCIAN | Lycian. Since 2.16.3 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_LYDIAN | Lydian. Since 2.16.3 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_AVESTAN | Avestan. Since 2.26 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_BAMUM | Bamum. Since 2.26 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_EGYPTIAN_HIEROGLYPHS | Egyptian Hieroglpyhs. Since 2.26 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_IMPERIAL_ARAMAIC | Imperial Aramaic. Since 2.26 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_INSCRIPTIONAL_PAHLAVI | Inscriptional Pahlavi. Since 2.26 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_INSCRIPTIONAL_PARTHIAN | Inscriptional Parthian. Since 2.26 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_JAVANESE | Javanese. Since 2.26 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_KAITHI | Kaithi. Since 2.26 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_LISU | Lisu. Since 2.26 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_MEETEI_MAYEK | Meetei Mayek. Since 2.26 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_OLD_SOUTH_ARABIAN | Old South Arabian. Since 2.26 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_OLD_TURKIC | Old Turkic. Since 2.28 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_SAMARITAN | Samaritan. Since 2.26 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_TAI_THAM | Tai Tham. Since 2.26 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_TAI_VIET | Tai Viet. Since 2.26 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_BATAK | Batak. Since 2.28 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_BRAHMI | Brahmi. Since 2.28 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_MANDAIC | Mandaic. Since 2.28 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_CHAKMA | Chakma. Since: 2.32 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_MEROITIC_CURSIVE | Meroitic Cursive. Since: 2.32 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_MEROITIC_HIEROGLYPHS | Meroitic Hieroglyphs. Since: 2.32 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_MIAO | Miao. Since: 2.32 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_SHARADA | Sharada. Since: 2.32 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_SORA_SOMPENG | Sora Sompeng. Since: 2.32 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_TAKRI | Takri. Since: 2.32 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_BASSA_VAH | Bassa. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_CAUCASIAN_ALBANIAN | Caucasian Albanian. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_DUPLOYAN | Duployan. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_ELBASAN | Elbasan. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_GRANTHA | Grantha. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_KHOJKI | Kjohki. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_KHUDAWADI | Khudawadi, Sindhi. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_LINEAR_A | Linear A. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_MAHAJANI | Mahajani. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_MANICHAEAN | Manichaean. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_MENDE_KIKAKUI | Mende Kikakui. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_MODI | Modi. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_MRO | Mro. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_NABATAEAN | Nabataean. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_OLD_NORTH_ARABIAN | Old North Arabian. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_OLD_PERMIC | Old Permic. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_PAHAWH_HMONG | Pahawh Hmong. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_PALMYRENE | Palmyrene. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_PAU_CIN_HAU | Pau Cin Hau. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_PSALTER_PAHLAVI | Psalter Pahlavi. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_SIDDHAM | Siddham. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_TIRHUTA | Tirhuta. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_WARANG_CITI | Warang Citi. Since: 2.42 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_AHOM | Ahom. Since: 2.48 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_ANATOLIAN_HIEROGLYPHS | Anatolian Hieroglyphs. Since: 2.48 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_HATRAN | Hatran. Since: 2.48 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_MULTANI | Multani. Since: 2.48 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_OLD_HUNGARIAN | Old Hungarian. Since: 2.48 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_SIGNWRITING | Signwriting. Since: 2.48 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_ADLAM | Adlam. Since: 2.50 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_BHAIKSUKI | Bhaiksuki. Since: 2.50 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_MARCHEN | Marchen. Since: 2.50 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_NEWA | Newa. Since: 2.50 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_OSAGE | Osage. Since: 2.50 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_TANGUT | Tangut. Since: 2.50 |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_MASARAM_GONDI |  |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_NUSHU |  |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_SOYOMBO |  |
G_UNICODE_SCRIPT_ZANABAZAR_SQUARE |  |

### enum GNormalizeMode

Defines how a Unicode string is transformed in a canonical form, standardizing such issues as whether a character with an accent is represented as a base character and combining accent or as a single precomposed character. Unicode strings should generally be normalized before comparing them.

#### Members

G_NORMALIZE_DEFAULT | standardize differences that do not affect the text content, such as the above-mentioned accent representation |
G_NORMALIZE_NFD | another name for `G_NORMALIZE_DEFAULT` |
G_NORMALIZE_DEFAULT_COMPOSE | like `G_NORMALIZE_DEFAULT`, but with composed forms rather than a maximally decomposed form |
G_NORMALIZE_NFC | another name for `G_NORMALIZE_DEFAULT_COMPOSE` |
G_NORMALIZE_ALL | beyond `G_NORMALIZE_DEFAULT` also standardize the "compatibility" characters in Unicode, such as SUPERSCRIPT THREE to the standard forms (in this case DIGIT THREE). Formatting information may be lost but for most text operations such characters should be considered the same |
G_NORMALIZE_NFKD | another name for `G_NORMALIZE_ALL` |
G_NORMALIZE_ALL_COMPOSE | like `G_NORMALIZE_ALL`, but with composed forms rather than a maximally decomposed form |
G_NORMALIZE_NFKC | another name for `G_NORMALIZE_ALL_COMPOSE` |

## See Also

g_locale_to_utf8(), `g_locale_from_utf8()`